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REINFORCED MODERN RUNWAY The London zoo’s penguin pool was redesigned in 1934 by architect Berthold Lubetkin and engineer Ove Arup. This project is iconic as it was one of the first to express the vast structural potential of reinforced concrete. “The Penguin Pool at London Zoo 1934, designed by Berthold Lubetkin & Tecton is one of the iconic landmarks of modern architecture”. It was an icon for British modernist architecture. The project was a success as it was functioned as a shelter for animals, a sculpture and a impressive breakthrough in concrete. “ The Penguin Pool, visited and admired by thousands over the 75 years since its completion, also stands as a poignant emblem of the dreams and disappointments of modern architecture”. The use of concrete was like none other in the world. This project was part of the beginning of the modern movement. This project gave the world a taste of the many great things that are possible. The pool has nesting boxes around the perimeter ,...

Kisairis Espinal  The Syon House The Syon House is a 200- acre park located on the west side of London. This project was designed by Roberto Adam in the 1760s this belonged to the Duke of Northumberland and is now his family’s London residence. The park got its name from Syon Abbey which was a medieval monastery which was founded 1415 on a nearby site by King Henry V. In 1413 she moved in, she was one of the wealthiest people in the country. During a certain time, Syon became the property of the Crown for a short time before leasing it to the 1stDuke of Somerset, who rebuilt the house during the Italian Renaissance style. Occurring to the urban dictionary “was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 17th century marking the transition between Medieval and Modern Europe”(). In 1557 the building was converted into a new building which w...

Snowdon Aviary The Snowdon Aviary was a first of its kind. This pavilion space was inspired by birds and their "graceful" movements. At a time of British Architectural innovation and vision, the idea of the aviary came along during the Festival of Britain. Located along the Regent's Canal, it is basically an aluminum cage with netting to keep the birds from flying away. It was gauged as a pavilion style establishment and an architectural experiment. Designed by Cedric Price, Frank Newby and Anthony Armstrong-Jones, it was built in 1962 and was dedicated to Lord Snowdon. It was one of the earlier explorations into tensile frame construction. Nothing had ever been experimented with steel frame like the Aviary. The idea was to establish enclosure by not enclosing. This was a challenge for the designers as the idea of preserving a fragile space while being able to contain, immediately resulted in a building that left a footprint. In order to combat the idea of ...

The Palace of Westminster is where the two houses of the Parliament of the United  Kingdom, House of Commons and the House of Lords meet. It is located in the city of Westminster in London, England. More specifically, it is located on the right bank of the River Thames. The palace was built in 1016 but had to be demolished in 1834 because of a fire. It was then rebuilt from 1840 to 1876. The architectural style of the Palace of Westminster is gothic revival. The architect of the palace is named Sir Charles Barry. Barry uses a style of architecture called the Perpendicular Gothic style. It was popular during the 15th century and then it came back in the 19th century during the gothic revival period. Although Barry was not a gothic architect, he had the help from Augustus Pugin. In the 11th century, Barry designed the Westminster Hall and managed to survive the fire in 1834. However, Pugin did not like the symmetrical aspects of the building. The Palace of Westminster has three...

LONDON’S SIX PETAL FLOWER     Millbank got its name from a mill that occupied that area, it was the area between Westminster and Chelsea. The mill was then demolished to build houses which was later demolished to build the Millbank Penitentiary. The Millbank Penitentiary Located in London was built along the Thames river by the architect Jeremy Bentham in 1816. It was the largest penitentiary of its time for men and women in London and cost $500,000 to build. The penitentiary was built due to the high crime rate , it was built along the river to allow easier transportation to the colonies .The penitentiary was praised for its shape, it resembled a six petal flower from above. Each petal or pentagon was a wing of the prison. All prisoners in London passed through this building which held approximately 1,000 inmates at a time. It was built out of concrete with punched windows and walls that made into an octagon with a tower placed i...

                Originally known as Nottingham House, Kensington Palace is known to have housed English royalty for over four centuries. Back in 1689, this now glorious palace stood to be a mere two stories tall and was quite modest in comparison to the structure as it stands today. It started as a small mansion chosen by new monarchs, William III and Mary II, to be their new country retreat, but over the years the estate was transformed into a home worth housing Britain’s royal families. In 1837, Kensington hall was replaced by Buckingham Palace and has since become a home for minor royals. Some of the most recent occupants are the Princess of Wales, Diana, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and their kids, and Prince Harry.                 In 1689, the King and Queen commissioned plans from Sir Christopher Wren, to scale this little ...

The Kew Gardens were originally known as the Royal Botanical Gardens located in Kew, London. Since as early as the 16th century, the Kew Gardens were maintained and tended privately. In 1731, the Kew Gardens were acquired by the prince and princess of Wales. Kew Gardens gained its recognition when it was under the management of Sir Joseph Banks (1772-1819) and eventually the gardens contained all different types of plant species from various places of the world. In 1865, when Sir William Jackson Hooker took management of the gardens, it became a center for scientific research. One of the main purposes of English greenhouses was to display the range of exotic plants that flourished in the British Empire. Kew Gardens encompasses 121 hectares of gardens and botanical glasshouses from Kew to Richmond in London. The Kew site includes four Grade 1 listed buildings and 36 Grade 2 listed buildings on a dynamic landscape. In England, Grade 1 listed buildings are buildings of exceptional i...

Buckingham Palace (London): 1703       Buckingham Palace is a London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Its located in the City of Westminster. The palace is used for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of happiness and mourning.   The building was a large townhouse built for the Duke of  Buckingham in  1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for  at least  150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and  becam e  known as The Queen's House. In the 19 th  century, it was enlarged by John Nash and Edward Blore, who  construct ed  three wings around a central courtyard. The palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.    The palace is   symmetrical and   ort hog ...

Buckingham Palace , (London, United Kingdom); 1700s; Early 19th Century in Europe The palace was started in the 1700s but ended in the 1800s and many people worked on it and John Nash was one of them. John Nash was an English architect and city planner.   During King George IV reign in 1820, John Nash had to design Buckingham Palace because he wanted to make Buckingham House as a Palace. Nash was a famous architect in London until he went bankrupt in 1783 and moved to Wales. He did many projects such as Royal Pavilion in Brighton, St James Park in London before this and he reconstructed Buckingham House after that. When George IV died in 1830, he decided to finish constructing Buckingham Palace.  Building Buckingham Palace was one of the most expensive projects and Nash spent more that the budget he expected. So around 1828, the Prime Minister fired him for over spending. And Lord Duncannon continued finishing that project. The scale o...